In the dynamics of corporate relations, practice clearly reveals the solution of transferring shares through gratuitous transfers, instrumented, for reasons of speed and efficiency, in the form of a document under private signature. This path, apparently unconventional, from the perspective of the rigors imposed on liberalities in civil law, finds its justification in the specifics of the corporate order, where the social will and the statuto...

The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) of 17 October 2024, delivered in Case C-701/22 AA SRL v. Ministry of European Funds, marks a significant moment in shaping the relationship between national procedural autonomy and the obligation of Member States to ensure the effectiveness of EU law. Through this preliminary ruling, the Court explicitly recognizes the right of beneficiaries of non-reimbursable funds to receive...

The partners are granted the right, under the conditions and quorum provided by the articles of incorporation, to decide on the modification of the company by adopting a resolution to that effect. For example, they may decide on the dissolution of the company, which can be carried out with or without liquidation. If the partners declare that there are no outstanding claims or that an agreement has been reached with the creditors regardi...

The recognition of the priority of the rules of the Tax Code regarding the budgetary receivables established by judicial decisions rendered in criminal matters arising from the commission of criminal offences, that is: the amounts of compensation for material damage, fines, judicial expenses and confiscated amounts, does not mean that their forced execution can be done anyway. We are talking about the imperative nature of the insolvency...

The traceability of mortgages established on the debitor`s asset in a perpetually topical topic in relation to the activity of enterprises in particular in the pre-insolvency phase; following the legal course of the mortgage institution, whether movable or immovable, is of theoretical and practical interest both for ensuring the protection of the creditor`s rights of this institution, and for managing the assets of the debitor in financial diff...

The article seeks to highlight the ongoing tension between the fundamental freedoms underpinning the European Union’s internal market and the Member States’ desire to safeguard their own cultural or economic interests through fiscal measures. In this context, the analysis focuses on the Amazon case, currently pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union, concerning the compatibility with EU law of the fixed €3 fee imposed i...

The pressure exerted by a creditor invoking a penalty clause included in a contract recognized by law as enforceable is a familiar scenario for both bailiffs and judges in enforcement courts. Bailiffs may encounter it even more frequently, especially when they manage to persuade creditors – based on judicial practice known to enforcement bodies – that the chances of obtaining approval for forced execution are rather slim. Even more unpl...

The liability of directors towards the company arises whenever they breach the obligations assumed through the management contract or those provided by law. Law no. 31/1990, in Articles 70-73, outlines the legal framework for directors’ liability, emphasizing that the obligations and liability of directors are governed by the provisions on mandate and the specific rules set out in Law no. 31/1990. The liability action against directors...

General meetings adopt resolutions (a term used interchangeably with „decisions”) based on the quorum and majority requirements set forth by statutory provisions or the articles of association. In the case of limited liability companies (LLCs), the general rule is that of a double absolute majority – both of the members and of the share capital [Article 192(1) of the Companies Law]. Prior to the enactment of Law No. 265/2022, amendment...

The article explains the novelty introduced by Law no. 222/2023, which for the first time in Romania regulates the cross-border transformation of companies, in line with EU law. This mechanism allows a company to move its registered office to another EU member state and change its legal form without being dissolved, while still retaining its legal personality. The procedure has two stages: in the home state, the company must draft a tra...