The COM(2026) 321 final Proposal on EU Inc. seeks to establish a simplified European corporate form designed to facilitate the activity of start-ups within the Single Market. EU Inc. remains a hybrid structure, as Article 4 allows Member States to classify it according to their own legal categories (private limited or public limited companies) and to apply national law whenever the Regulation or the statutes are silent. This risks producing “2...

This study examines the effects of a debtor’s discharge following the successful implementation of a reorganisation plan and the closure of insolvency proceedings, with particular regard to whether creditors may subsequently resume ordinary-law actions or enforcement proceedings in respect of claims arising prior to the opening of the insolvency proceedings. The analysis distinguishes between the procedural effects arising from the open...

This paper examines, from a dual perspective, namely doctrinal and economic, the transformations that algorithmic trading (AT) and high-frequency trading (HFT) have brought about in the contract law governing capital markets. The study directly confronts the technical reality of securities transactions executed within microseconds with the classical doctrines of contract formation, namely the receipt theory and the principle of consensualism,...

This study aims to analyze the interferences between common law and insolvency proceedings regarding certain legal institutions, as they have been adapted in special legislation, in order toprevent the debtor’s acts from affecting the collective interests of creditors. The study also examines the notion of fraud, which presents different forms, having distinct meanings and effects depending on the legal institution being analyzed.

In the context of establishing tax obligations, the tax administration fulfills its duties and takes all measures it deems necessary to collect them. The purpose of this study is to identify to what extent the conduct of the tax administration complies with the requirements of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations and what are the effective remedies for an injured taxpayer in the event of a violation of this principle of tax ...

This article analyses, from a legal perspective, issues relating to the classification of inland waterways based on data from the Netherlands and Eastern European countries – Romania, Poland and Ukraine. A comparison of the specific legal provisions of these countries is justified by the fact that the Netherlands has the highest levels of inland waterway transport in Europe, as well as the highest standard of legal support for this sector. In...

The Commission’s proposal for a Resolution on the Internal market and consumer protection No 2025/2037 underlines the pressing need for an online trade reform in the context of increasing the volume of non-compliant products imported into the EU, in particular from China, through Temu or Shein platforms.The main pillar of the reform of trade relations regarding products imported from outside the EU consists of establishing an extended li...

When instituting retaliatory tariffs on imports from a State who initiated such alleged protectionist measures, aiming to convince that State to renounce the tariffs initially imposed, it is possible to disproportionately affect some of its own citizens or of the companies established under the national law. In such cases, the State can award them certain compensatory benefits. Considering the premise that citizenship is not a determinism, but ...

This article examines the landmark judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Google/Android Auto case (C-233/23), which significantly redefines the legal framework governing refusals to ensure interoperability in digital markets.Departing from the traditional indispensability standard established in Bronner and IMS Health, the Court held that a refusal by a dominant undertaking to grant inte...

The present study aims to analyze the causes and mechanism of an atypical procedure established by art. 603 paragraph (3) of the Civil Procedure Code, that of the validation of the arbitral award. Through it, in an unusual manner, some effects of a definitive and binding jurisdictional act (the arbitral award) are conditioned by the performance of verifications by a court of law or, even more strangely, by an authority without jurisdictional p...