The present study aims to analyze the causes and mechanism of an atypical procedure established by art. 603 paragraph (3) of the Civil Procedure Code, that of the validation of the arbitral award. Through it, in an unusual manner, some effects of a definitive and binding jurisdictional act (the arbitral award) are conditioned by the performance of verifications by a court of law or, even more strangely, by an authority without jurisdictional p...

Compensation of managers and directors is fixed in nature and is grantedperiodically (monthly) or in the form of attendance fees (jetons), without depending on the company’s performance. Compensation of managers is set by the board of directors within the limits established by the general meeting of shareholders (GMS). It is monthly, corresponding to a permanent (full-time) activity. An additional compensation is granted for executive ro...

The article analyzes the impact of the new corporate governance standards introduced by the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) Code, which came into force on January 1, 2025, compared to the previous version from 2015. The study places the BVB codes in the context of soft law instruments and the comply or explain principle, discussing both their normative role and their practical effects on issuers. The analysis highlights the main changes brought ...

The study analyzes the new European regulatory framework for payment services (PSD3) using the tools of economic analysis of law. Starting from previous legislative developments, from Directive 2007/64/EC (PSD) and PSD2 to the current proposal for a Regulation, the study highlights the essential changes regarding the liability of payment service providers, particularly in the context of identity fraud (spoofing and phishing). We argue that the...

The Commission’s proposal for a Resolution on the Internal market and consumer protection No 2025/2037 underlines the pressing need for an online trade reform in the context of increasing the volume of non-compliant products imported into the EU, in particular from China, through Temu or Shein platforms.The main pillar of the reform of trade relations regarding products imported from outside the EU consists of establishing an extended li...

When instituting retaliatory tariffs on imports from a State who initiated such alleged protectionist measures, aiming to convince that State to renounce the tariffs initially imposed, it is possible to disproportionately affect some of its own citizens or of the companies established under the national law. In such cases, the State can award them certain compensatory benefits. Considering the premise that citizenship is not a determinism, but ...

This article examines the landmark judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Google/Android Auto case (C-233/23), which significantly redefines the legal framework governing refusals to ensure interoperability in digital markets.Departing from the traditional indispensability standard established in Bronner and IMS Health, the Court held that a refusal by a dominant undertaking to grant inte...

The paper is based on a practical case and refers to the determination of the tax residence of individuals in situations of cross-border mobility. It is not a question of resolving a double/multiple residence conflict, but of establishing the state of residence for the purpose of determining the applicable double taxation convention, the rules for allocating the power to tax and the method of avoiding double taxation. Such situations are increa...

The concepts of „territoriality” and „extraterritoriality” are considered by scholars as being key-concepts of the transnational law. This article aims to point out how the relationship between the elements of this sui generis couple (territoriality and extraterritoriality, my note) works. The said couple and its way of functioning once were among the most debated issues in the area of international law and conflict of laws altogether, and the ...

State aid is considered an anti-competitive practice requiring legislative intervention and sanctioning according to Article 107 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This paper details the exceptions and conditions under which state aid may be considered compatible with the internal market, as well as the role of national and European authorities in evaluating them.Within a case analysis, the authors explore Decision (...