The present study aims to analyze the causes and mechanism of an atypical procedure established by art. 603 paragraph (3) of the Civil Procedure Code, that of the validation of the arbitral award. Through it, in an unusual manner, some effects of a definitive and binding jurisdictional act (the arbitral award) are conditioned by the performance of verifications by a court of law or, even more strangely, by an authority without jurisdictional p...

The Commission’s proposal for a Resolution on the Internal market and consumer protection No 2025/2037 underlines the pressing need for an online trade reform in the context of increasing the volume of non-compliant products imported into the EU, in particular from China, through Temu or Shein platforms.The main pillar of the reform of trade relations regarding products imported from outside the EU consists of establishing an extended li...

When instituting retaliatory tariffs on imports from a State who initiated such alleged protectionist measures, aiming to convince that State to renounce the tariffs initially imposed, it is possible to disproportionately affect some of its own citizens or of the companies established under the national law. In such cases, the State can award them certain compensatory benefits. Considering the premise that citizenship is not a determinism, but ...

This article examines the landmark judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Google/Android Auto case (C-233/23), which significantly redefines the legal framework governing refusals to ensure interoperability in digital markets.Departing from the traditional indispensability standard established in Bronner and IMS Health, the Court held that a refusal by a dominant undertaking to grant inte...

Compensation of managers and directors is fixed in nature and is grantedperiodically (monthly) or in the form of attendance fees (jetons), without depending on the company’s performance. Compensation of managers is set by the board of directors within the limits established by the general meeting of shareholders (GMS). It is monthly, corresponding to a permanent (full-time) activity. An additional compensation is granted for executive ro...

The article analyzes the impact of the new corporate governance standards introduced by the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) Code, which came into force on January 1, 2025, compared to the previous version from 2015. The study places the BVB codes in the context of soft law instruments and the comply or explain principle, discussing both their normative role and their practical effects on issuers. The analysis highlights the main changes brought ...

The study analyzes the new European regulatory framework for payment services (PSD3) using the tools of economic analysis of law. Starting from previous legislative developments, from Directive 2007/64/EC (PSD) and PSD2 to the current proposal for a Regulation, the study highlights the essential changes regarding the liability of payment service providers, particularly in the context of identity fraud (spoofing and phishing). We argue that the...

Entry into force of O. U. G. no. 58/2022 led, through an atypical technique of amending some norms of the Code of Civil Procedure, to the accreditation of an unusual solution in the enforcement legislation, but also in the procedurallegislation in general.There has appeared a type of enforcement appeal subject to the imprescriptibility period, which, both in relation to the traditionally established nature of the time limits for exe...

For now, artificial intelligence is bland, boring. But is it also harmful? The convenience of users, but also the sometimes unhealthy assertion of artificial intelligence tools leads us to conclude that from the obsolescence of goods to theobsolescence of the individual is only a step. The recent Directive 825 of February 28, 2024 appears to oppose unfair commercial practices likely to mislead consumers, such as sustainable consump...

According to common law, directors of (commercial) companies are liable to third parties only in exceptional circumstances. However, when difficulties arise for the company, and in particular when collective proceedings are opened against it, due to the significant risk that creditors will not be able to recover their claims, there is a form of „aggravated” liability. Other mechanisms even allow the liability of associates of the debtor to be...