According to common law, directors of (commercial) companies are liable to third parties only in exceptional circumstances. However, when difficulties arise for the company, and in particular when collective proceedings are opened against it, due to the significant risk that creditors will not be able to recover their claims, there is a form of „aggravated” liability. Other mechanisms even allow the liability of associates of the debtor to be...

The paper analyzes the jurisprudential recognition of good faith in corporate governance, initially as a condition of the business judgement rule and subsequently as a component of the duty of loyalty. The objective of this paper is not to identify the contours of this duty, rather it will examine different interpretation methods, the most relevant being the identification of good faith as a distinct and selfstanding fiduciary duty in 1995, and...

Irregularities in the company’s internal decision-making process cannot affect the validity of the company’s acts concluded with outside third parties, where the company’s agreement was based on the legal representatives’ authority to act, not on a resolution of the shareholders’ general meeting. However, case law is not unitary in this sense. When it comes to directors’ liability, views may differ on the very nature of such liability, ...