This article examines the landmark judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Google/Android Auto case (C-233/23), which significantly redefines the legal framework governing refusals to ensure interoperability in digital markets.Departing from the traditional indispensability standard established in Bronner and IMS Health, the Court held that a refusal by a dominant undertaking to grant inte...

Viewed from the perspective of an enterprise, digital platforms reinterpret elements found in a traditional company. This change is driven by the presence of network effects that provide connectivity between platform users, thus generating value for participants. At the same time, through network effects users are included in the ecosystem managed by the platform.Although differences can be identified depending on the specific category o...