The protection of intellectual property rights under international investment law has already come under the scrutiny of arbitral tribunals, scholars and the wider civil society with the occasion of such high-profile disputes as Philip Morris and Eli Lilly. Nevertheless, it is only very recently that the first publicly known case in which the protection of intellectual property rights, specifically, trademarks and trademark licences, has been...

As it has been frequently said – perhaps oversimplifying –, international commercial arbitration is a consensual procedure, meaning that only the parties to an arbitration agreement can participate in the proceeding based on it. But who are, exactly, those parties?It is already commonplace that the effects of an arbitration clause can benefit, or bind, other entities than the formal signatories of the contract containing that clause. On...