This article examines the landmark judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Google/Android Auto case (C-233/23), which significantly redefines the legal framework governing refusals to ensure interoperability in digital markets.Departing from the traditional indispensability standard established in Bronner and IMS Health, the Court held that a refusal by a dominant undertaking to grant inte...

Competition policy can provide revealing insights on how market regulation can quickly become obsolete, or otherwise inadequate, when confronted with rapid technological change. This failure to keep up with new business models in the digital realm, demonstrates that even the most sophisticated and adaptive regulatory tools may succumb to the extreme dynamics, in terms of incentives and adoption, that the most revolutionary technologies natural...