The pressure exerted by a creditor invoking a penalty clause included in a contract recognized by law as enforceable is a familiar scenario for both bailiffs and judges in enforcement courts. Bailiffs may encounter it even more frequently, especially when they manage to persuade creditors – based on judicial practice known to enforcement bodies – that the chances of obtaining approval for forced execution are rather slim. Even more unpl...

The new Civil Code did not limit to a terminological qualification of the claim that art. 975 of the Civil Code of 1864 recognized it to creditors prejudiced by „devious acts done by the debtor to the detriment of their rights”.The revocation action, because this was the qualification, is not immune to criticism in any case, the action made available to unsecured creditors, was outlined, at the level of primary legislation, a promising l...

The study attempts to define the nature and character of a common law legal transplant in the New Romanian Civil Code – the bank guarantee letter as well as the dilemmas faced by the courts in the judicial practice created by this independent guarantee. Keywords: ...